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Respiration

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are you a morning person one of us is and one of us is definitely not mainly because when I wake up in the morning it takes a while for me to feel like I get my energy back takes a what time in coffee for that to happen for me don't really have that luxury they're busy performing cell processes all the time and many of the process are they do require energy specifically ATP energy ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate it's a type of nucleic acid actually action packed with three phosphate when the chemical bond that holds that third phosphate is broken it releases a great amount of energy it also is turn into ADP adenosine diphosphate and really that's just a fancy way of saying that has two phosphates after losing one so where going with this to make ATP energy it doesn't really matter what kind of cell you are prokaryote or eukaryote the process for making that ATP energy can be different depending on the type of cell but you have to make ATP energy one way that this can be efficiently is called aerobic cellular respiration we are going to focus on aerobics cellular respiration in eukaryotes cells remember that you turn itself has many membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria there going to be kind of a big deal in this so let's get started remember we are trying to make ATP energy let's take a look at this formula that reactants are on the left side of the arrow and products outputs on the right side of the arrow this formula by the way looks remarkably similar to photosynthesis I mean look how the reactants in the products just seem to be on different sides this isn't really a coincidence see in photosynthesis organisms like playing some types of protists for example make glucose glucose is a product glucose notice how glucose is a reactant in order to make ATP energy so photosynthesis makes glucose and cellular respiration is glucose use photosynthesis to make their glucose they also get to do cellular respiration to break their glucose I say it's pretty great because glucose is the starter molecule cellular respiration and it's needed in order to get all of this going so if you aren't photosynthetic like human or an amoeba find a food source to get your glucose  no respiration involves three major steps we are going to assume that we are starting with one glucose molecule so that you can see what is produced from this one glucose molecule start with the first thing number one glycolysis this first step takes place in the side of and the step does not require any Oxygen glucose which is the sugar from the formula is converted into a more usable form called pyruvate it's actually takes a little bit of ATP energy itself to get this process started the net yield from the step is approximately two ATP molecules two nadh molecules what is nadh is a coenzyme and it has the ability to transfer electrons can you turn a useful in making even more ATP later on we'll get to that just a little bit okay number to is the Krebs cycle this is also citric acid cycle we are now involved in the mitochondria and this step requires oxygen the pyruvate that was made before it's now converted and it will be oxidized carbon dioxide CO2 is produced and we produce to ATP 6 and 8 add to f a d h f a d h is also a coincidence for electrons to make even more ATP the third step is the electron transport chain this is just a beautiful thing we're still in the mitochondria and we who require oxygen for the step fadh2 several electron carriers and they're used to create a proton gradient the protons are used to power this amazing enzyme ATP synthase  really if I could be any enzyme I'd be ATP synthase because this enzyme takes phosphates and add turn to ADP and if you add one phosphate to ADP you make ATP so that's what ATP synthase does it makes ATP and it makes the ATP no oxygen It's the final acceptor of these electrons and when you have an oxygen molecule combining with two protons you get H2 which is water so water is a product as well the electron transport chain produces a lot of ATP compared to the other two steps goal be what's that ATP synthase there isn't an exact number on this mini textbooks will say to this step makes 34 ATP meaning that the Nets none of ATP when you add it all three steps would be 38 ATP but you need to understand that this is a perfect case scenario and in general you can't really expect that much ATP made each time again we can see how the glucose in the oxygen on the reactant side were used to produce carbon dioxide a waste product which was a waste product and ATP energy energy was our goal one way of creating ATP energy a very efficient way of that but like we had said at the beginning all cells have to make ATP energy the way they do tell can differ if there is no oxygen available some cells have the ability to perform a process known as fermentation it's not nearly as efficient but who makes ATP when there's no oxygen no we really can't emphasize enough how important the process of making ATP energy is if you down how powerful it is consider this toxin is found in some rat poisons it is highly toxic it works by blocking a step in the electron sport chain and without being able to continue the electron transport chain sells can't produce their ATP and this poison is deadly in a very short time frame is also a demand for increased research on various mitochondrial disorders mitochondria are so essential for ATP production in humans that mitochondrial disorders can be deadly we are confident that the understanding of how to treat these disorders will continue to improve as more people like you ask questions well that's it for the ameba sisters and remind you to stay curious

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Respiration

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